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Claudius Didymus

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Roma?, saec. I p. Chr.?

L’unica fonte che ci attesti l’esistenza di un grammatico di nome Didimo Claudio è la Suda (δ 874). Tale informazione non trova purtroppo conferma nei frammenti pervenuti e ha pertanto suscitato le perplessità di alcuni studiosi, tra i quali Schmidt (1854: 3) e Funaioli (GRFF: xxi), che preferiscono ricondurre la scheda della Suda al Calcentero; di opposto parere sono invece Cohn (1903: 473), Daub (1882: 90-91) e A. Mazzarino (1950: 81). Il cognomen del grammatico ha fatto ipotizzare a Schmidt (1854 : 3) che egli fosse vissuto al tempo di Claudio o di Nerone, mentre secondo Cohn (1903 : 473) e A. Mazzarino (GRFM: 55-56) sarebbe vissuto sotto Claudio. Il nostro grammatico sarebbe autore delle seguenti opere: Περὶ τῶν ἡμαρτημένον παρὰ τὴν ἀναλογίαν Θουκυδίδῃ; Περὶ τῆς παρὰ Ῥωμαίοις ἀναλογίας; Ἐπιτομὴν τῶν Ἡρακλέωνος.

Per quanto riguarda il primo trattato, secondo S. Mazzarino (1966: 466), seguito da Piccirilli (1985: 67-68), rimanderebbe a questo, anziché a un’opera del Calcentero, il riferimento a Didimo contenuto nel paragrafo 16 della Vita di Tucidide di Marcellino, in cui si tratta dell’errata grafia del nome del padre dello storico, ipotesi smentita però in maniera definitiva da Porciani (2001: 45 n. 106), secondo cui ci troviamo di fronte non tanto a uno sbaglio di Tucidide, quanto a un errore della tradizione biografica su di lui. L’ipotesi di Ritter (1845a: 137-140 e 1845b: 339-340) secondo la quale risalirebbero a questo testo anche i paragrafi 46-53 della suddetta Vita di Tucidide, che difendono la lingua e lo stile dello storico dalle accuse rivoltegli da Dionigi di Alicarnasso, è contraddetta da Piccirilli (1985: 67 e 156).

Il secondo trattato, l’unico di cui ci siano conservati dei frammenti, è stato attribuito al Calcentero da Ristschl (1838: 140) e poi da Funaioli (GRFF: 446-450) e Schmidt (1854: 3 e 345-346), mentre presta fede alla testimonianza della Suda la maggior parte degli studiosi, tra i quali sono da ricordare almeno Cohn (1903: 473); Christes (1979: 66 n. 466); Dubuisson (1984: 61 e 1987: 20 n. 27); A. Mazzarino (1950: 81); Rochette (1997: 61 n. 55).

Per quanto riguarda, infine, l’ultima opera menzionata dalla Suda, essa si occupava, secondo Rohde (1870: 13), seguito da Degani (1995: 517 n. 43), del lessicografo atticista Eracleone di Efeso, mentre secondo Cohn (RE: 473), ma meno verisimilmente, del commentatore di Omero e dei lirici nato a Tilotis e vissuto sotto Augusto. Schmidt (1854: 3 e 382) proponeva di emendare il titolo dell’opera in Ἐπιτομὴν τῶν Ἡρακλείδου λεσχῶν, identificando così, secondo una suggestione già di Bernhardy (1843-1853: 1330 n. 1), il nostro grammatico con Didimo figlio di Eraclide; tale ipotesi è ritenuta insostenibile da Cohn (RE: 473 ; vd. anche 472-473/9) e da Daub (1882: 90-91).

Alcuni studiosi, tra i quali Cohn (RE: 471-472; vd. anche 471-472/8); D’Anna (1954: 215-217); Gärtner (1967: 13-14); Holford-Stevens (1988: 121 n. 106); Boeft-Drijvers-Hengst-Titler (1995: 304); Fontaine (1996: 345-346), attribuiscono inoltre a Didimo Claudio un’opera ostile al De re publica di Cicerone e assegnata da Amm. 22, 16, 16 al Calcentero ( … aliique plurimi scriptores multorum in litteris nobilium studiorum, inter quos Chalcenterus eminuit Didymus, multiplicis scientiae copia memorabilis, qui in illis sex libris, ubi non numquam inperfecte Tullium reprehendit, sillographos imitatus, scriptores maledicos, iudicio doctarum aurium incusatur, ut inmania frementem leonem trepidulis uocibus canis catulus longius circumlatrans), dal momento che non sembra che quest’ultimo conoscesse il latino a tal punto da poter correggere addirittura Cicerone.

Vale infine la pena ricordare che secondo Jeep (1909: 7-8 e n. 10), in ciò seguito da A. Mazzarino (1950: 112-113), in Diom. GL I 321, 11-12 (huius modi autem nominum ordinatio, sicut Arruntius Claudius [teste Claudio: Jeep] asserit, a Graecis tracta demonstratur) si nasconderebbe una citazione di Didimo Claudio, suggestione, questa, che è stata successivmente contestata da Morelli (1984: 18-24).

Bibliographica

Editiones

Schmidt (1854), 345-349; GRFF, 446-450

Studia

L. Cohn., ‘Didymos 8’, RE v (1905), 445-472; F. Montanari, ‘Didymus 3’, DNP iii (1997) 554.

Bernhardy, Gottfried (1853), Souidas. Suidae lexicon Graece et Latine ad finem optimorum librorum exactum post Thomam Gaisfordum recensuit et annotatione critica instruxit G. B, I, Halle-Braunschweig, 1330.

Christes, Johannes (1969), Sklaven und Freigelassene als Grammatiker und Philologen in antiken Rom, Wiesbaden, 66 n. 466.

D’Anna‚ Giovanni (1954), Le idee letterarie di Suetonio, Firenze, 215-217.

Daub, Adam (1882), Studien zu den Biographica des Suidas, Freiburg-Tubingen, 90-91.

Den Boeft, Jan; Drijvers, Jan Willem; den Hengst, Daniël; Teitler, Hans (1995), Philological and Historical Commentary on Ammianus Marcellinus XXII, Groningen, 304.

Degani, Enzo (1995), ‘La lessicografia’, G. Cambiano, L. Canfora, D. Lanza (a cura di), Lo spazio letterario della Grecia antica, ii, La ricezione e l’attualizzazione del testo, Roma, 517 n. 43.

Dubuisson, Michel (1984), ‘Le latin est-il une langue barbare ?’, Ktéma 9, 61.

Dubuisson, Michel (1987), ‘Homérologie et politique. Le cas d’Arystodemos de Nysa’, J. Servais, T. Hackens, B. Servais-Soyez (éd. par), Stemmata. Mélanges de philologie, d’histoire et d’archéologie grecques offerts à Jules Labarbe, Liège, 20 n. 27.

Fontaine, Jacques (1996), Ammien Marcellin, iii, Livres 20-22. Texte établi, traduit et annoté par J. F., Paris, 345-346.

Holford-Strevens, Leofranc (2003), Aulus Gellius. An Antonine Scholar and his Achievement, Oxford, 121 n. 106.

Jeep, Ludwig (1909), ‘Priscianus. Beiträge zur Überlieferungsgeschichte der Römischen Literatur II’, Philologus 68, 7-8 e n. 10.

Mazzarino, Antonio (1950), Grammaticae Romanae fragmenta aetatis Caesareae, Torino, 81 e 112-113.

Mazzarino, Santo (19662), Il pensiero storico classico, ii/2, Bari, 466.

Montana, Fausto (2013), ‘Didymus [2] Claudiusî’, LGGA.

Morelli, Giuseppe (1984), ‘Un nuovo frammento di Festo in Diomede’, RFIC 112, 18-24.

Piccirilli, Luigi (1985), Storie dello storico Tucidide. Edizione critica, traduzione e commento delle Vite tucididee a cura di L. P., Genova, 67-68 e 156.

Porciani, Leone (2001), Prime forme della storiografia greca. Prospettiva locale e generale nella narrazione storica, Stuttgart, 45 n. 106.

Ritschl, Friedrich (1838), Die Alexandrinischen Bibliotheken unter den ersten Ptolemaern und die Sammlung der Homerischen Gedichte durch Pisistratus, nach Anleitung eines Plautinischen Scholions. Nebst litterarhistorischen Zugaben uber die Chronologie der Alexandrinischen Bibliotheken, die Stichometrie der Alten, und die Grammatiker Heliodorus, Breslau, 140.

Ritter, Franz (1845a), Dydimi Chalcenteri opuscula auctori suo restituta, ad codices antiquos recognita, annotatione illustrata, Köln, 137-140.

Ritter, Franz (1845b), ‘Das Leben von Thucydides von Marcellinus’, RhM 3, 339-340.

Rochette, Bruno (1997), Le latin dans le monde grec. Recherches sur la diffusion de la langue et des lettres latines dans les provinces hellénophones de l’Empire romain, Bruxelles, 61 n. 55.

Rohde, Erwin (1870), De Julii Pollucis in apparatu scaenico enarrando fontibus. Accedit de Pollucis libri secundi fontibus epimetrum, Leipzig, 13 e n. 3.

Schmidt, Moritz, Dydimi Chalcenteri grammatici Alexandrini fragmenta quae supersunt omnia, Leipzig 1854.

Terentius Scaurus, Quintus

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inc. loc., saec. I – II p. Chr.

His praenomen Q(uinctus) is attested in both the indirect (Char. gramm. p. 263, 11 and 272, 27) and the direct tradition (some manuscripts of the treatise De orthographia that Biddau [2008: p. lxiii] groups under the ‘g’ family). But more often he is cited as either Terentius Scaurus or simply Scaurus. The latter raises the possibility that some citations may come from other Scauri. Doubts hardly arise in relation to the other famous Scaurus, namely M. Aemilius, the orator and politician of the second century BC, even if Keil (ed. 573) and Barwick (ed. 487), to judge from their indices scriptorium, wrongly placed under Terentius Scaurus the quotation in Char. gramm. p. 186, 16-17, very likely from Aemilius Scaurus’ (see Law 1987: 75 n. 19) de uita sua (Uría 2009: 387 n. 1063). More importantly, the idea was long ago proposed (see Jeep 1893: 38-39; Barwick 1922: 86-87 and 238 [where a list of the reliable fragments is given], partly followed by Tempesti 1977: 217-220), that some of the fragments collected by Kummrow (1880: 1-7), namely those from the Explanationes in Donatum and some of those from Diomedes (in fr. 17 Kummrow, Scaurus is probably a trivialization of the Asprus witnessed by Anon. Bob. p. 4, 12 De Nonno [GL i 534, 39]; cf. Schmidt 2000: 287 n. 1; see also Law 1987: 76 on fr. 21 Kummrow), rather belong to a late school grammar of a later Pseudo-Scaurus (contra Holtz 1981: 82 n. 35 and 101 n. 28; Baratin 1989: 100, n. 1 and 355, n. 2; skepticism is shown by Schmidt 2000: 256). On similar grounds (mainly style and language reminiscent of late artes), doubts have been cast by Tempesti (1977: 218) on the authorship of De orthographia (contra Schmidt 2000: 257, and Biddau 2008: pp. xxxviii-xli). The ars minor which Law (1987) had attributed to Scaurus has been recently shown to be a later work (Reinikka 2008).

That Scaurus was a professional teacher of grammar is proved by the information provided by Gellius (Gell. 9, 15, 3 grammaticus uel nobilissimus) and in the Historia Augusta (Hist. Aug. Ver. 2, 5 grammaticus Hadriani, a phrase that seems to imply he was the teacher of Hadrian himself [so Holford-Strevens 2008: n.1]); also, he is mentioned next to other famous grammarians (such as Aemilius Asper, Valerius Probus, Verrius Flaccus) by Arnobius (Arnob. nat. 1, 59, 13) and Ausonius (Auson. 1, 1, 20; 11, 15, 12; 11, 20, 7; 27, 10, 27). Moreover, both his alleged quarrel with Caesellius Vindex (Gell. 9, 15) and a supposed (cf. below) correspondence with the Emperor on linguistic matters (Char. gramm. p. 271, 12) attest to his great prestige. As defended by Tempesti (1977: 176-177), and accepted by Schmidt (2000: 254), Holdford-Strevens (2008), and (more cautiously) Biddau (2008: p. xxvii), he might be the addressee of a letter in which Pliny (Plin. epist. 5, 12) asks a prestigious (5, 12, 4 auctoritas tua) Scaurus (Scauro suo) for approval of a speech he is planning to publish. If Pliny’s addresse is our Scaurus, his letter is the first notice we have on him; book five of Pliny’s letters is dated between 106 and 110 (Biddau 2008: p. xxvii), so it can be deduced that Scaurus was probably a respectable grammarian by the turn of the century; then he could have been born in the third quarter of the first century AD (“tra il principato de Nerone e quello di Vespasiano” is Biddau’s [2008: p. xxvii] proposal). Since Gellius seems to mention him as a “grammatico del passato” (Biddau 2008: p. xviii), and since there is no news linking Scaurus with the Emperors after Hadrian, his death is supposed to have occurred before 138 AD. His activity was obviously developed in Rome, but there is no evidence about his place of birth.

The only work of Scaurus which has been preserved through direct tradition is his De orthographia; its preface and initial section are lost, this raising uncertainties about authorship (Biddau 2008: p. xxxiii and pp. xxxviii-xli). An influential teacher as he was, his impact was certainly more profound than one could guess from the relatively few fragments nominally ascribed to him. For instance, it is accepted (pace Barwick 1922: 86-87, who thinks it is the Scaurus iunior whom Audax excerpts) that much of his doctrine is behind the excerpta Audacis, even if mixed with material from Palladius (Schmidt 1993: 122). Also, in view of Scaurus dealing with pronouns (fr. 2-3 Tempesti = fr. 19-18 Kummrow = Char. gramm. p. 169, 20-25 and 173, 3-7), it has been proposed (Froehde 1892: 635) that other ‘entries’ dealing with pronouns in Charisius (ego [p. 162, 24-25], tu [p. 184, 8-9], te [p. 184, 11-13]) come from Scaurus as well; similar proposals are made by Tolkiehn (1910: 162) in respect to several quidam (allegedly = Scaurus) mentioned by Charisius: but so far this is only speculation. As for the nominal attributions, they allow to identify several grammatical works by Scaurus, although not all of them are unanimously accepted as genuine. This controversy is reflected in the two editors of his fragments, Kummrow (1880) and Tempesti (1977): the former identifies 26 fragments, whereas the latter only admits 13.

Thanks to Iulius Romanus it is certain that he wrote an ars grammatica in several books (Roman.-Char. gramm. p. 173, 4-5 artis grammaticae libris), probably organized around the “triade traditionnelle”, as proposed by Schmidt (2000: 255 “les notions fondamentales, les parties du discours et la stylistique”; cf. Barwick 1922: 239, and Wessner 1934: 672), although this scholar partly relies on the ars minor identified by Law (1987), which is now seen as unauthentic. The other uncontroversial work by Scaurus is a commentary on Horace: Iulius Romanus refers twice (fr. 8 and 7 Kummrow = fr. 5 and 6 Tempesti) to a book X of a commentary in artem poeticam; given that it would be difficult to accept that Scaurus wrote ten books on only one work of Horace, scholars tend to accept Zangemeister’s (1862: 42, with additional supporting arguments in 1884 and 1885) proposal that this book is the last one of a full commentary on Horace including two books on sat., one on epod., four on carm., two on epist. and one (the tenth!) on ars (Wessner [1934: 674], Tempesti [1977: 194] and Schmidt [2000: 258] support this hypothesis, whereas Froehde [1892: 636] and Lo Monaco [1995] are skeptical; on the separate traditions of the ars and the epist. see Brink 1963: 243 n. 4). Whatever the extent of this commentary, its existence seems to be proved by a quotation in Porph. Hor. sat. 2, 5, 92 (= fr. 6 Kummrow = fr. 7 Tempesti).

Even if only a few fragments (fr. 3, 4 and 5 Kummrow = fr. 8, 9 and 10 Tempesti) attest to a commentary on Virgil by Scaurus, and no matter that those fragments do not contain any information about title and book partitions, scholars admit (since Suringar [1834: ii 188-189] and Ribbeck [1866: 171]) that it existed (Tempesti 1977: 203;  Schmidt 2000: 258; Baschera 2006: 207), and accordingly reject the possibility that those fragments come from scattered remarks in other works by Scaurus, as suggested by Wessner (1934: 675). Doubts on the alleged (on the basis of fr. 1-2 Kummrow = fr. 12-13 Tempesti = Rufin. gramm. 15, 3-4 d’Alessandro [GL vi 561, 2-3] and 19, 19-21 d’Alessandro [GL vi 565, 1-2])  Commentarii in Plauti fabulas (Kummrow 1880: 2) are better founded, and expressed by most scholars (Keil, GL vii 7; Wessner 1934: 675; Schmidt 2000: 258; Baschera 2006: 207), in spite of the defense Ritschl (1845: i 375, followed by Cybulla 1907: 11-12, and, more cautiously, by Froehde 1892: 635, and Tempesti 1977: 212-213) made of the hypothesis that Scaurus had commented not only on the Pseudolus, but also on other plays of Plautus. Deufert (2002: 210 n. 63) leaves the question open; Carilli (1979: 38) and Jocelyn (1987: 61-62) suggest that Scaurus is known to Rufinus through Sisenna, and this is accepted by Deufert (2002: 245), but it is “non verificabile”, according to d’Alessandro (2004: p. xxiii, n. 26).

Finally, there is also a great controversy on the information implied in a chapter of Gellius (fr. 9 Kummrow = fr. 9 Tempesti = Gell. 11, 15). The phrasing of Gell.  11, 15, 3 (inter alia [illa codd.] quae de Caeselli erroribus composuit) led some scholars to think of a specific work on the mistakes of Caesellius Vindex (Kretzschmer 1866: 94; Kaster [1996] also mentions his ‘lost’ polemics against Caesellius), but doubts were already expressed by Kummrow (1880: 3, n. 8), who suggest that the remarks could have come from a letter. The richest discussion of the passage (Tempesti 1977: 179-184) concludes that Scaurus’ criticism on Caesellius must come from a more general work. Biddau (2008: p. xxx) seems to accept Tempesti’s view, even if he admits the doubts raised from the use of composuit, which Gellius usually refers to books.

Although it is now seen as a fragment falso adscriptum, the so-called Appendice Scaurina (Biddau 2008: p. lxviii-lxxi) deserves some attention. It is quite a long portion of text (GL vii 29, 3–33, 13) added at the end of the De orthographia in all manuscripts transmitting its  final part; it is also preserved in a later shortened version in the Parisinus Latinus 7520 (also edited by Keil, GL vii 34, 5–35, 6). The efforts of some scholars (especially Keil, GL vii 9-10, and Goidanich 1906: 46-53) to prove that Scaurus is the author behind the anonymous fragment, have been recently dismissed with good arguments by Biddau; however, Schmidt (2000: 257, where “extraits de Varron” seems to be a mistake for “extraits de Scaurus”) seems to accept that the fragment includes “questions isolées” which were a complement to a lost work of Scaurus (the De litteris novis mentioned at GL vii 33, 11-12), itself part of the extra material which Scaurus promises at the end of the De orthographia (GL vii 28, 17–29, 2). Usener (1869, followed by Mazzarino [GRFM 288]) had assigned the piece to Varro, who is also seen by Schmidt (2000: 257) as the “contexte de la source”.

As for the sources, there is an extensive analysis by Biddau (2008: pp. xlii-liv, with rich bibliography), who deals with the influence of Varro, Remmius Palaemon, Verrius Flaccus and Annaeus Cornutus in Scaurus’ De orthographia. We can safely assume that he also draw material from Palaemon for his ars grammatica. On his part, Scaurus is thought to have been directly read (Schmidt 2000: 256) by Sulpicius Apollinaris, Caper, Diomedes, Cominianus (see Tolkiehn 1910: 161-164) and Donatus. It is still discussed whether or not his De orthographia was read by his contemporary Velius Longus (De Paolis 2010: 243, n. 36)

Fragments relating to definitions of both parts of speech and ‘virtues and vices’ suggest that Scaurus’ ars grammatica included the “triade traditionnelle” (see above). But more interestingly, he seems to have paid particular attention to quaestiones (as it was the case also in the De orthographia [see De Paolis 2010: 249 n. 52]), that is to say specific remarks on rare and dubious forms/uses, singularly in the antiqui (Pacuvius in fr. 19 Kummrow = fr. 2 Tempesti = Char. gramm. p. 169, 20-25; Laberius in fr. 10 Kummrow = fr. 4 Tempesti = Char. gramm. p. 271, 10-20; see Barwick 1922: 239). It is possible that two of these quaestiones are the source of both fr. 10 and 11 Kummrow (= fr. 4 and 13 Tempesti), even if Kummrow (1880: 3) suggests they might come from scholarly letters: Tempesti (1977: 192-193 and 213-215) thinks that Kummrow may be right (De Paolis [2010: 251 n. 56] speaks of “richieste scritte” and “scambi di opinione”), but she also mentions the possibility (as earlier Keil [cf. Froehde 1892: 635]), and later Law [1987: 74]) that those fragments come from the ars grammatica. This interest in quaestiones links Scaurus with the tradition of the treatises de latinitate (cf. De Paolis 2010: 245).

Bibliographica

Editiones

Kummrow (1880), 2-7; Tempesti (1977).

Studia

PIR¹ iii (1898), T 71; Gräfenhan (1843-1850), iv, 88-89; P. Wessner, ‘Terentius 70’, RE v a/1 (1934), 672-676; Teuffel–Kroll–Skutsch (1910⁶-1916⁶), iii, 67-68; Schanz–Hosius–Krüger (1922³), 156-158; R. A. Kaster, OCD (1996³) 1485; P.L. Schmidt, HLL iv (1997), § 433; P.L. Schmidt, ‘Terentius iii.3’, BNP.

Baratin, Marc (1989), La naissance de la syntaxe à Rome, Paris.

Barwick, Karl (1922), Remmius Palaemon und die römische Ars grammatical, Leipzig.

Baschera, Claudio (2006), ‘Scauro, esegeta virgiliano e non solo’, BStudLat 36, 205-209.

Biddau, Federico (2008), Q. Terentii Scauri De orthographia, Hildesheim.

Brink, Charles Oscar (1963), Horace on Poetry. Prolegomena to the literary Epistles, Cambridge.

Carilli, Maria (1979), ‘Le citazioni dell’Amphitruo plautino nella tradizione di Carisio’, SRIL 2, 35-56.

Cybulla, Kurt (1907), De Rufini Antiochensis commentarii, Königsberg.

d’Alessandro, Paolo (ed.) (2002), Rufini Antiochensis commentaria in metra Terentiana et de compositione et de numeris oratorum, Hildesheim – Zürich ­– New York.

De Paolis, Paolo (2010), ‘L’insegnamento dell’ortografia latina fra Tardoantico e alto Medioevo: teorie e manuali’, in L. Del Corso and O. Pecere, Libri di scuola e pratiche didattiche Dall’Antichità al Rinascimento. Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Studi (Cassino, 7-10 maggio 2008), Universitá di Casino, vol. 1, 229-291.

Deufert, Markus (2002), Textgeschichte und Rezeption der plautinischen Komödien im Altertum, Berlin-New York.

Froehde, Oskar (1892), ‘De C. Iulio Romano Charisii auctore‘, Jahrb. f. Class. Philol., Suppl. Bd. 18, 565-672.

Goidanich,  Pier Gabriele (1906), ‘Note di esegesi e critica di testi grammaticali latini’, RFIC 34, 35-56.

Holford-Strevens, Leofranc (2008), review of Biddau 2008, BMCR 2008.11.34.

Holtz, Louis (1981), Donat et la tradition de l’enseignement grammatical. Étude sur l’Ars Donati et sa diffusion (IVᵉ-IXᵉ siècle) et édition critique, Paris.

Jeep, Ludwig (1893), Zur Geschichte der Lehre von den Redetheilen bei den lateinischen Grammatikern, Leipzig.

Jocelyn, Henry D. (1987), ‘Studies in the indirect tradition of Plautus’ Pseudolus I: Rufinus, Pliny, Varro’, in Filologia e forme letterarie. Studi offerti a Francesco Della Corte, Urbino, vol. 2,  57-72.

Kretschmer, Julius (1860), De A. Gellii fontibus. Part. I. De auctoribus A. Gellii grammaticis, Poznań.

Kummrow, Hermann (1880), Symbola critica ad grammaticos Latinos, Greifswald.

Law, Vivien (1987), ‘An unnoticed Latin grammar: the Ars minor of Scaurus?’ RhM , 130, 67-89.

Lo Monaco, Francesco (1995), ‘Note sull’esegesi oraziana antica’, Studia Classica Iohanni Tarditi oblata, eds. L. Belloni, G. Milanese & A. Porro, Milan, 2, 1203-1224.

Meyer, Paulus Ericus (1885), Quaestiones grammaticae ad Scauri artem restituendam spectantes, Diss. Jena.

Nettleship, Henry (1886), ‘The study of Latin grammar among the Romans in the first century’, Journal of Philology 15, 189-214 (= Lectures and essays II, Oxford, 1895, 145-171).

Reinikka, Anna (2008), ‘On the attribution of a Latin schoolgrammar transmitted in MS Clm 6281’, Arctos 42, 147-157.

Ribbeck, Otto (1866), Prolegomena critica ad P. Vergili Maronis opera maiora, Leipzig.

Ritschl, Friedrich (1845), Parerga zu Plautus und Terenz. Erster Band, Leipzig.

Schmidt, Peter Lebrecht (1993), ‘Grammaire et rhétorique’, in Herzog, R. and Schmidt, P. L. (eds.), Nouvelle histoire de la littérature latine V. Restauration et renouveau. La littérature latine de 284 à 374 après J.-C., French ed., Turnhout, 113-181.

Suringar, W. H. D. (1834), Historia critica scholiastarum Latinorum. Pars secunda, Leiden.

Tempesti, Anna Maria (1977), ‘Quinto Terenzio Scauro, grammatico adrianeo’, SRIL 1, 175-220.

Tolkiehn, Johannes (1910), Cominianus. Beiträge zur römischen Literaturgeschichte, Leipzig.

Uría, Javier (2009), Carisio. Arte gramática, Madrid.

Usener, Hermann (1869, ‘Varronische Exzerpte’, RhM 24, 94-114.

Zangemeister, Karl (1862), De Horatii vocibus singularibus, Berlin.

Zangemeister, Karl (1884), ‘Zum Horaz-Commentar des Scaurus’, RhM 39, 634-635.

Zangemeister, Karl (1885), ‘Zum Horaz-Commentar des Scaurus (cont.)’, RhM 40, 480.

Statilius Maximus

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inc. loc., saec. II p. Chr.

 

Referred to as either Statilius Maximus or simply as Maximus, his identification with the T. Statilius Maximus Seuerus (the author of CLE 227) is not sure, even if it is defended by Zetzel (1981: 211), admitted by Pecere (1982: 99), but rejected by Schmidt (in HLL). He is cited as a grammatical authority in some of the sections of Iulius Romanus copied by Charisius, so he may well have been a professional grammarian (Schmidt); this is confirmed by his activity as textual critic, indicated by the verb notare which is often applied to him (Merello 1977: 114), and by his emendatio of Cicero’s speech De lege agraria (Pecere 1982). Although the terminus post quem is deduced (ex silentio) from his not being cited in Suetonius’ De grammaticis (Zetzel 1974: 109), in GRL the proposal is put forward, on similar grounds, that he is later than Gellius, whereas Zetzel (1974: 109) thinks that he was a contemporary of Gellius. The diffuse dating (around the first half of the third century) of his only certain terminus ante quem (Iulius Romanus) can be only tentatively precised by means of some prosopographical evidence (further details in Pecere 1982: 98-99) which invites to fix Statilius’ activity at the end of the second century (Merello 1977: 116; Schmidt). That he checked at least one speech by Cicero is known from a marginal annotation at the end of book I of De lege agraria as transmitted in Vat. Lat. 11458, autograph of Poggio Bracciolini (Pecere 1982: 73). From this annotation we know that he collated six manuscripts.

As for the preserved fragments, it is disputed whether they belong to the same work (Froehde 1892: 647, and Zetzel 1974: 115) or, on the contrary (Schmidt, following Bergk 1884: 597-598), we must assume that there existed some notes on Cato’s speeches, and a separate work on rare words used by Cicero: the one cited by Romanus as De singularibus apud Ciceronem quoque positis. With the exception of fr. 20 Zetzel, found in Romanus’ chapter de interiectione, all other citations come from de aduerbio, although it is very likely that Statilius included other partes orationis in his work. An alphabetical organisation is assumed by most of modern scholars, but the fact that Romanus (ap. Char. p.252.28) expressly states that he is going to organise his chapter alphabetically makes it probable that some of the methods he rejects are the ones he had read in his sources (on this issue see further Uría 2012: 234-237).

Apart from the interest for rare words (or rather, in this particular case, for rare ‘forms’), which was typical of the time, the fragments show an attention to analogical rules, as can be directly observed in fr. 17 Zetzel, and –maybe– in fr. 5 Zetzel (cf. Zetzel 1974: 112), as well as, indirectly, in the number of adverbs with a productive suffix (–e, -ter, -im) which are commented upon (Uría 2012: 235-236); on similar grounds, comparisons such as Singularie… quasi unice (fr. 16 Zetzel; cf. fr. 14, 15 and –perhaps–8) may have a formal rather than a semantic sense.

Bibliographica                                                         

Editiones

Suringar (1834-1835), i, 63-65, 200-203; Froehde 1892: 645-647; Zetzel, BICS 21 (1974), 110-115; Merello, Studi e Ricerche dell’Istituto di Latino, 1 (1977), 113-136.

Studia

PIR¹ iii (1898), S 601; Teuffel–Kroll–Skutsch (1910⁶-1916⁶), iii, 138; Schanz–Hosius–Krüger (1922³), 164-165; P.L. Schmidt, HLL iv (1997), § 445.3; P.L. Schmidt, ‘Statilius ii.6’, BNP.

Bergk, Theodor (1884), ‘Anecdoton Parisinum’, in R. Peppmüller (ed.), Kleine philologische Schriften von Theodor Bergk, Halle, i, 580-612.

Froehde, Oskar (1892), ‘De C. Iulio Romano Charisii auctore’, Jahrb. f. class. Philol., Suppl. Bd. 18, 645-647.

Merello, Margherita (1977), ‘Statilio Massimo’, SRIL 1, 113-136.

Pecere, Oronzo (1982), ‘La ‘subscriptio’ di Statilio Massimo e la tradizione delle ‘Agrarie’ di Cicerone’, Italia Medioevale e Umanistica 25, 73-123.

Suringar, Willem Hendrik Dominicus (1834-1835), Historia Critica Scholiastarum Latinorum, Leiden, i, 63-65; 200-203.

Schenkeveld, Dirk M. (2004), A rhetorical grammar. C. Iulius Romanus: Introduction to the liber de adverbio, Leiden-Boston.

Uría, Javier (2012), ‘Iulius Romanus and Statilius Maximus (Char. gramm. 252, 14-31): A reappraisal’, MD 69, 225-238.

Zetzel, James E. G. (1974), ‘Statilius Maximus and Ciceronian studies in the Antonine age’, BICS 21, 107-123.